Fatima Chooljian and the X-ray Patient Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Fatima Chooljian and the X-beam Patient - Essay Example He may have said that on the off chance that someone is as specific about rehearsing religion as the Muslim radiographer as far as anyone knows was thinking about the way that she wore Hijab at the working environment, he/she should not be in such callings that confer the requirement for close experiences between individuals from inverse sexual orientations. Regardless of whatever the more established patient examines about his underlying musings or observations about his experience with the Muslim radiographer, there is incredible probability of his conversation going for the Muslim radiographer since the beginning of the conversation upon Jesus. He may state that raising the subject of Jesus for conversation was extremely odd at that point thinking about that he was having a X-beam done from a more unusual who was a Muslim radiographer, yet regardless of that, the Muslim radiographer’s reaction to his inquiry and the conversation that followed was delicate and important. He may even welcome the way that the Muslim radiographer stated, â€Å"I might not be right, sir, however that’s how I comprehend it† in light of the fact that this mirrors the Muslim radiographer was not hostile or censuring in her reaction to the more seasoned patient’s refusal to acknowledge her meaning of Jesus.

Vietnam Essay

Vietnam Essay Free Online Research Papers From the earliest starting point of John Kennedys Administration into this fifth year of Lyndon Johnsons administration, generously a similar little gatherings of men have directed the fate of the United States. In that time they have conveyed the nation from a constrained inclusion in Vietnam into a war that is fierce, most likely resilient, and, to an expanding assortment of conclusion, disastrous and unethical. How might it occur? Numerous in government or near it will peruse the accompanying article with the stun of acknowledgment. Those less acquainted with the procedures of intensity can peruse it with the confirmation that the creator had a firsthand chance to watch the slide down the elusive incline during five years (1961-1966) of administration in the White House and Department of State. Mr. Thomson is an East Asia master and an associate educator of history at Harvard. As a contextual analysis really taking shape of international strategy, the Vietnam War will captivate history specialists and social researchers for a long time to come. One inquiry that will absolutely be posed: How did men of unrivaled capacity, sound preparing, and high goals American approach creators of the 1960s make such expensive and disruptive arrangement? As one who viewed the dynamic procedure in Washington from 1961 to 1966 under Presidents Kennedy and Johnson, I can recommend a fundamental answer. I can do as such by quickly posting a portion of the elements that appeared to me to shape our Vietnam arrangement during my years as an East Asia pro at the State Department and the White House. I will manage Washington as I saw or detected it, and not with Saigon, where I have spent yet an inadequate three days, in the company of the Vice President, or with other choice communities, the capitals of invested individuals. Nor will I manage other significant pieces of the record: Vietnams history before 1961, for example, or the general course of Americas relations with Vietnam. However a first and focal fixing in these long stretches of Vietnam choices involves history. The fixing was the inheritance of the 1950s by which I mean the alleged loss of China, the Korean War, and the Far East approach of Secretary of State Dulles. This inheritance had an institutional side-effect for the Kennedy Administration: in 1961 the U.S. governments East Asian foundation was without a doubt the most inflexible and opinionated of Washingtons local divisions in outside undertakings. This was particularly evident at the Department of State, where the approaching Administration found the Bureau of Far Eastern Affairs the hardest nut to open. It was an authority that had been cleansed of its best China skill, and of farsighted, impartial men, because of McCarthyism. Its individuals were commonly dedicated to one arrangement line: the nearby control and disengagement of territory China, the provocation of neutralist countries which tried to keep away from arrangement with either Washington or Peking and the upkeep of a system of unions with hostile to Communist customer states on Chinas fringe. Another part of the heritage was the exceptional helplessness and affectability of the new Democratic Administration on Far East appr oach issues. The memory of the McCarthy time was still sharp, and Kennedys edge of triumph was excessively dainty. The 1960 Offshore Islands TV banter among Kennedy and Nixon had demonstrated the President-elect the risks of crisp reasoning. The Administration was inalienably hesitant of moving excessively quick on Asia. Thus, the Far East Bureau (presently the Bureau of East Asian and Pacific Affairs) was the last one to be updated. Not until Averell Harriman was gotten as Assistant Secretary in December 1961, were noteworthy faculty changes endeavored, and it took Harriman a while to make a profound engraving on the department due to his fundamental distraction with the Laos settlement. When he did as such, there was essentially no push to bring back the cleansed or ousted East Asia specialists. There were other significant results of this heritage of the fifties: The new Administration acquired and fairly shared a general view of China-on-the-walk a feeling of Chinas unfathomability, its numbe rs, its bellicosity; a resuscitated sense, maybe, of the Golden Horde. This was a recognition taken care of by Chinese mediation in the Korean War (an intercession really dependent on dreadfully terrible interchanges and common miscount with respect to Washington and Peking; yet the cautious unwinding of that disaster, which researchers have achieved, had not yet become piece of the standard way of thinking). The new Administration acquired and quickly acknowledged a solid origination of the Communist coalition. In spite of a lot prior forecasts and reports by outside investigators, strategy creators didn't start to acknowledge the truth and conceivable absolution of the Sino-Soviet split until the main long stretches of 1962. The definitely destructive effect of contending patriotisms on Communism was to a great extent disregarded. The new Administration acquired and somewhat shared the domino hypothesis about Asia. This hypothesis came about because of significant obliviousness of Asian history and thus numbness of the extreme contrasts among Asian countries and social orders. It came about because of a visual deficiency to the force and versatility of Asian patriotisms. (It might likewise have come about because of an inner mind sense that, since all Asians resemble the other the same, every Asian country will act the same.) As a hypothesis, the domino paradox was not just incorrect yet in addition offending to Asian countries; yet it has proceeded right up 'til the present time to flabbergast men who should know better. At long last, the heritage of the fifties was evidently exacerbated by an uncomfortable feeling of an overall Communist test to the new Administration after the Bay of Pigs disaster. A first appearance was the Presidents awful Vienna meeting with Khrushchev in June 1961; at that point came the Berlin emergency of the late spring. This made a climate wherein President Kennedy without a doubt felt constrained to show his countries backbone in Vietnam if the Vietnamese, in contrast to the individuals of Laos, were eager to battle. All in all, the heritage of the fifties formed such early moves of the new Administration as the choices to keep up a high-perceivability SEATO (by sending the Secretary of State himself rather than some basic to its first gathering in 1961), to move in an opposite direction from political acknowledgment of Mongolia in the mid year of 1961, and generally significant, to extend U.S. military help to South Vietnam that winter based on the considerably more speculative Eisenhower responsibility. It ought to be added that the expanded responsibility to Vietnam was additionally filled by another type of military tacticians and scholarly social researchers (some of whom had entered the new Administration) who had created speculations of counter-guerrilla fighting and were anxious to see them put under a magnifying glass. To a few, counterinsurgency appeared to be another panacea for adapting to the universes precariousness. SO MUCH for the inheritance and the history. Any new Administration acquires both convoluted issues and shortsighted perspectives on the world. Be that as it may, most likely among the approach creators of the Kennedy and Johnson Administrations, there were men who might caution of the risks of an open-finished pledge to the Vietnam mess? This brings up a focal issue, at the core of the arrangement procedure: Where were the specialists, the skeptics, and the protesters? Is it true that they were there by any means, and assuming this is the case, what befalle n them? The appropriate response is unpredictable yet informational. In any case, the American government was woefully ailing in genuine Vietnam or Indochina aptitude. Initially treated as a subordinate of Embassy Paris, our Saigon consulate and the Vietnam Desk at State were to a great extent staffed from 1954 ahead by French-speaking Foreign Service work force of barely European experience. Such negotiators were significantly more firmly limited than the typical government office official by the give of psyche a role as well as the language to contacts with Vietnams French-talking urban elites. For example, Foreign Service language specialists in Portugal can talk with the lower class on the off chance that they escape Lisbon and decide to do as such; not all that the French speakers of Embassy Saigon. Likewise, the shadow of the loss of China contorted Vietnam revealing. Profession officials in the Department, and particularly those in the field, had not overlooked the destiny of their Wo rld War II partners who wrote in bluntness from China and were later pilloried by Senate panels for basic remarks on the Chinese Nationalists. Real to life writing about the qualities of the Viet Cong and the shortcomings of the Diem government was restrained by the memory. It was additionally repressed by some higher authorities, prominently Ambassador Nolting in Saigon, who would not approve such links. At the appropriate time, no doubt, some Vietnam ability was found or created. However, an intermittent and progressively significant factor in the dynamic procedure was the expulsion of genuine ability. Here the hidden reason was the shut legislative issues of approach making as issues become hot: the more delicate the issue, and the higher it ascends in the organization, the more totally the specialists are prohibited while the hassled senior generalists assume control over (that is, the Secretaries, Undersecretaries, and Presidential Assistants). The unglued skimming of instructions papers in the rearward sitting arrangements of limousines is not a viable replacement for the nearness of authorities; moreover, in the midst of emergency, such papers are considered excessively touchy in any event, for audit by the masters. Another basic reason for this expulsion, as Vietnam turned out to be progressively basic, was the substitution of the specialists, who were for the most part and progressively critical, by men depicted as can-do folks, steadfast and lively fixers unsoured by mastery. In mid 1965, when I trusted my developing arrangement questions to a more established partner on the NSC staff, he guaranteed me that the most intelligent thing the two of us could do was to avoid the entire Vietnam mess; the courteous fellow being referred to had the mishap to be a can-do fellow, in any case, and

Psychosocial Rehabilitation Benefits and Objectives

Psychosocial Rehabilitation Benefits and Objectives Theories Psychosocial Psychology Print What Is Psychosocial Rehabilitation? By Kendra Cherry facebook twitter Kendra Cherry, MS, is an author, educational consultant, and speaker focused on helping students learn about psychology. Learn about our editorial policy Kendra Cherry Medically reviewed by Medically reviewed by Steven Gans, MD on April 26, 2019 Steven Gans, MD is board-certified in psychiatry and is an active supervisor, teacher, and mentor at Massachusetts General Hospital. Learn about our Medical Review Board Steven Gans, MD Updated on August 12, 2019 More in Theories Psychosocial Psychology Behavioral Psychology Cognitive Psychology Developmental Psychology Personality Psychology Social Psychology Biological Psychology In This Article Table of Contents Expand History Principles Who Can Benefit? Approaches= Areas of Concern Effectiveness View All Back To Top People with mental illnesses and other psychiatric concerns often need help in different aspects of their lives including work, living, social, and learning environments. One approach that can help people manage symptoms and improve functioning is known as psychosocial rehabilitation (PSR). PSR is a treatment approach designed to help improve the lives of disabled individuals. The goal of psychosocial rehabilitation is to teach emotional, cognitive, and social skills that help those diagnosed with mental illness live and work in their communities as independently as possible.  Verywell / Brianna Gilmartin History of Psychosocial Rehabilitation Prior to the 1960s and 1970s, it was not uncommon for people with serious mental illnesses to be institutionalized. The approach to the treatment of mental health issues has changed considerably since that time, which led to de-institutionalization. Today there is an emphasis on helping people with mental health conditions live as independently as possible and to become fully integrated into the communities in which they live. While the stigma surrounding mental illness still exists, PSR strives to help reduce prejudice and foster social inclusion. PSR tends to utilize what is known as the recovery model of mental illness. Full recovery is frequently the goal, but it is seen as a process rather than an outcome. This approach is centered on the individuals potential for recovery and focused on providing empowerment, social inclusion, support,  and coping skills. Everyones journey is individual and unique, and PSR can help people find meaning, hope, and growth no matter their abilities or effects of their illness. Principles of Psychosocial Rehabilitation No matter what form psychosocial services takes, core goals include helping people feel: Hopeful: People may be left feeling demoralized as a result of their condition. Rehabilitation focuses on helping clients feel hopeful about the future.Empowered: Each individual needs to feel that they are able to set their own goals and have the power and autonomy to pursue those aims.Skilled: Rehabilitation helps teach people skills to help them manage their condition and live the life they want to live. This includes living skills, work skills, social skills, and others.Supported: Mental health professionals should offer support and help clients build relationships and social connections in their community. There are a number of key principles of psychosocial rehabilitation that help guide how mental health professionals working in this field approach their work. These principles include: All people have potential that can be developed.People have a right to self-determination.The emphasis is on the individuals strengths rather than their symptoms.Each persons needs are different.Professional services should be committed and take place in as normalized of an environment as possible.There is a focus on a social model of care (as opposed to a medical model).It is centered on the present rather than fixated on the past. PSR treatments are multidisciplinary and often biopsychosocial in nature. This perspective recognizes that mental illness impacts multiple areas of life including the biological, social, and psychological systems. Not only are each of these systems affected by mental conditions but they are also inextricably interlinked. When something affects one area, it is bound to have an influence on other areas as well. In light of this, PSR takes a whole-person approach and recognizes that other mental health professionals and physicians may be needed to make contributions to the treatment process. Individual care may require a mixture of services and effective treatment. This often requires the facilitation of access to care from different domains. For example, a person with a mental illness may need psychosocial rehabilitation services that target basic living and social skills, but they might also need treatment involving medication and psychotherapy. A team approach ensures that the individual has access to the tools and resources they need to achieve their goals. The treatment of the condition targets the individual’s specific symptoms, while rehabilitation focuses on the recovery and reintegration process. Who Can Benefit From Psychosocial Rehabilitation? Many people can benefit from psychosocial rehabilitation. Not all people with mental illness require PSR, however. For some people, medication, therapy, or a combination of the two treatments may be sufficient to restore functioning. Rehabilitation can be useful when people need additional recovery assistance to help them restore functioning. Those who might benefit from PSR include: People who need help restoring their full functioning after treatmentThose who are disabled and need ongoing assistance in multiple life domainsIndividuals who, while functional, feel that they need a boost of support and assistancePeople who lack the supportive environment and resources they need to achieve full functioning Individuals with chronic and severe psychiatric conditions can benefit from PSR services. Rehabilitation can help these individuals learn basic skills that will allow them to function and cope with their condition. People with intellectual and cognitive disabilities can benefit from learning life, social, and self-care skills. The time following the diagnosis of a mental health condition is a period of major transition. Patients may lose some functionality and new approaches that allow them to manage their condition. Their condition may have made it difficult to go to school, to work, or to maintain supportive relationships with others. Many aspects of life can be affected, including the persons employment status, housing situation, and family life. Once their underlying condition has been addressed through treatment, the rehabilitation process can focus on helping people find the skills and support that they need to live full and satisfying lives. Approaches Used in Psychosocial Rehabilitation Current approaches used in psychosocial rehabilitation are a combination of evidence-based best practices as well as emerging, promising practices. No matter what specific strategies are used, the focus is on restoring social and psychological functioning. It is based upon the key ideas that people are motivated to achieve independence and are capable of adapting in order to achieve their goals. Specific psychosocial rehabilitation treatments can vary considerably from case to case depending upon a persons needs and the resources that are available. The process is highly individualized, person-centered, and collaborative. Effective rehabilitation involves a comprehensive plan that addresses the client’s life and functioning, and a PSR professional is usually just one part of the process. The plan is usually overseen by a psychiatrist, clinical psychologist, or licensed counselor. The rehabilitation process typically involves working with the client individually and in community settings. Building on the Individual’s Strengths Rather than simply focusing on areas of weaknesses, psychosocial treatments focus on empowering clients and building on their existing capabilities. These abilities help form a foundation upon which other important life skills can be developed through observation, modeling, education, and practice. Some specific areas that psychosocial rehabilitation might address include skills training and experiences designed to boost: Social skillsSelf-esteemProblem-solvingResilience and mental toughnessStress management This might be accomplished through one-on-one educational sessions that focus on specific skills, or it might involve incorporating training and experience in other life domains such as cooking or recreation. Such experiences allow people to practice their abilities in a safe environment with supervision and support from their PSR professional. PSR Is Holistic Psychosocial rehab strives to address areas of the individual’s life that contribute to overall mental and physical wellbeing. Professionals who work in psychosocial rehabilitation provide a range of individual and community-based psychological services. In determining each patients needs, mental health professionals look at the physical and social environment, develop a service plan, and collaborate with other professionals. PSR professionals will look at each clients situation and help determine what the individual needs in order to live and function as independently as possible in his or her community. This frequently involves determining what services the client needs, locating those services in the community, and coordinating the delivery of those services. PSR Is Person-Oriented ?The client plays a role in setting goals for what they hope to accomplish. Each client’s goals are individualized based upon his or her specific needs or concerns. The rehabilitation process is not about the therapist deciding what the clients goals should be. Instead, each individual is able to determine what they want to accomplish. The focus is then on providing the support and resources that each person needs in order to achieve these goals. Areas of Concern Key domains addressed through psychosocial rehab include basic living skills, family relationships, peer and social relationships, employment, education, recreation, health, and wellness. Work Work has beneficial effects on mental wellness and can help people feel productive, which is why vocational assistance is an important component of psychosocial rehabilitation. Finding and maintaining work can often improve social connections, boost self-esteem, and improve the overall quality of life. Psychosocial rehabilitation works also assist clients to find and maintain employment. This can include helping clients develop vocational skills, connecting the client to employment services in the community, assisting with career planning, and providing transportation assistance. This aspect of the PSR process may include assistance with filling out job applications or practicing job interviews. In other instances, clients may work in temporary or supported work settings where they are able to develop and practice skills. Housing PSR may involve connecting clients with safe, affordable, and appropriate housing. Clients may live independently in their own homes or in family homes. Other housing situations may include group homes, residential services, and apartments. A continuum of support exists depending upon the clients individual needs, ranging from fully-staffed, round-the-clock supportive care to minimally staffed or fully independent living. Relationships Social skills and interpersonal functioning are important parts of psychosocial rehabilitation. Skills training may focus on helping people better function in their social worlds, including family, work, school, friendships, and romance. This is done by teaching skills related to emotional understanding, interpersonal problem-solving, verbal and conversational abilities, and nonverbal communication. Community Functioning One of the overriding goals of psychosocial rehabilitation is to help those with mental illness become better integrated within their community. For this reason, PSR professionals often work with clients in community settings and locations. For example, a child receiving PSR services may work with a mental health professional in school settings, but they may also spend time on social outings to local businesses, doctors offices, libraries, and other situations the child might encounter. Practicing social and life skills in these settings allows clients to gain experience and to rehearse interactions they might face as part of daily life. The goal of PSR is to help clients engage in their communities as fully as they possibly can, and many of the strategies used in the process are aimed at helping clients become fully integrated within their communities. Doing so not only improves a clients quality of life but it also helps create a network of ongoing social support. Effectiveness of Psychosocial Rehabilitation Research investigating the outcomes and effectiveness of PSR treatments is still ongoing, but there is evidence indicating that these approaches have an overall beneficial effect. PSR Can Improve Life Skills A study of patients with schizophrenia and affective disorders found that psychosocial rehabilitation was linked to significant benefits in a variety of skill areas including family relations, communication, community participation, self-care, money management, transportation, and vocational abilities. PSR Can Benefit Overall Wellness Research has shown that PSR can be helpful for improving a clients well-being and outlook. In one study published in Research and Social Work Practice, 78 percent of children with serious emotional disturbances showed significant improvements in psychological symptoms and psychosocial functioning after 13 months of psychosocial rehabilitation. PSR May Help With Serious Psychiatric Conditions A review of psychosocial treatments suggested that these approaches also showed promise schizophrenia recovery. Rehabilitative strategies such as social skills training and cognitive remediation, which are often used in PSR, were found to be helpful in addressing important areas such as social functioning, work recovery, and independent living. A Word From Verywell Psychosocial rehabilitation is not always necessary, but it can be a helpful part of a comprehensive treatment program. By promoting recovery, improving quality of life, and fostering community integration, PSR can be an essential resource for those who have been diagnosed with a mental health condition. Such services can help individuals develop skills, identify strengths, and improve their capacity to be successful in their life, work, and relationships. Is There a Mental Illness Test?

Vertically and Horizontally Integrated Supply Chains - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 8 Words: 2483 Downloads: 7 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category Business Essay Type Compare and contrast essay Did you like this example? Introduction Vertically and horizontally integrated supply chains are supply chain management strategies adopted by companies to take advantage of synergies in their value chain to achieve more profits and competitive advantage (Naslund Willamson, 2010). Effective supply chains are critical to the success of organisations operating in global multifaceted environments as well as organisations seeking to achieve optimal efficiency and customer satisfaction (Lambert, 2008). An increasingly competitive and interconnected global environment means that successful performance depends on the collective decisions and actions of all members of a supply chain rather than that of a single member and competition is increasingly between supply chains rather than between individual firms (Naslund Willamson, 2010). Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Vertically and Horizontally Integrated Supply Chains" essay for you Create order Hence, organisations are faced with the challenge of making decisions regarding appropriate supply chain strategies that will deliver their objectives based on their capabilities, needs and circumstances. Vertical and Horizontal supply chain integration are two such strategies that enable companies to manage their organisations and their relationships with other companies in the same supply chain/value chain (Hill Jones, 2012). From a supply chain management perspective, vertical and horizontal integration aim to achieve cost savings, higher profits, greater efficiency and customer satisfaction by improving supply chain processes and performance through value-adding investment and activities that benefit all supply chain members (Stonebraker Liao, 2003). For example, achieving cost reductions, improved performance and better target market access as a result of eliminating redundancies/duplications, lowering inventories, shorter lead times, greater control over supply and distrib ution, access to partner networks and lower fixed costs (Mentzer et al., 2008). This essay will discuss and analyse key similarities and differences between vertically and horizontally integrated supply chains, highlighting the key issues and the scope of organisational departments involved. Supply Chain Management (SCM) Simchi-Levi et al. (2008) defined SCM as integration strategies aimed at coordinating functions across suppliers, manufacturers, distributors and retailers to ensure that products and services are produced and distributed at the right volume, location and time with the aim of reducing operational costs, maximising profits and ensuring satisfaction across the supply chain.. Vertically and horizontally integrated supply chains are SCM strategies introduced in the early 1980s with roots in the logistics literature. Supply Chain Integration Strategies Supply chain integration strategies are network-based business models used by organisations to align strategic decisions and processes across the network from supplier/manufacturer end to the customer end in order to achieve competitive advantages, synergy and efficiency in their operations as well as to gain more control in the input and output of their operations (Hill Jones, 2012). Network-based business models are organisational structures that allow companies to operate as interconnected configurations across its value chain usually consisting of partnerships, collaborations and optimised cross-organizational activities (Mentzer, 2008). Vertical Integration Vertical integration is a coordination strategy in which a company owns its supply chain by incorporating supplier and/or distributor supply chains in its operations strategy or by expanding its operations to perform activities traditionally performed by suppliers and distributors (Hill Jones, 2012). This strategy helps organizations to ensure high levels of control and to avoid the hold up problem, a situation in which an organisations contract with another party in its supply chain results in delays and loss of profit due to delays, non-performance of contract or imbalance of bargaining power between the 2 parties (Hill Jones, 2012). The Ford River Rouge Complex, an automobile factory built by Henry Ford in 1927 is a good example of a vertically integrated supply chain providing economies of scale and ensuring high levels of control in the supply and production process Iron ore and coal from Ford owned mines arrived on Ford freighters to produce Ford steel. Ford also owned its timberlands, glass plants, rail lines and rubber plantation, which helped to ensure efficiency, availability of necessary components as well as control over inputs and outputs (Slywotzky, 1996). A vertical integrated supply chain can be implemented to varying degrees, broadly classified into 3 categories: Backward vertical integration, in which a company owns subsidiaries that produce the inputs/components used in production. For example, the Ford River Rouge Factory with its own timberland and glass making companies (Slywotzky, 1996). Forward vertical Integration in which a company owns or controls its distribution centres and/or retailers, thereby having direct contact with customers at the bottom of the value chain. For example, airlines performing the traditional roles of travel agents (Hill and Jones, 2012). Balanced vertical Integration in which a company implements both backward and forward integration by owning/controlling its supply, production, marketing and/or retail centres. Apple is a good example of a company implementing balanced vertical integration by owning their own data centres, manufacturing equipment to produce their own chips and other proprietary components, as well as their own marketing and retail stores, content platforms and support centres (Hill and Jones, 2012). As a strategic tool, a vertically integrated supply chain can provide companies with solutions to mitigate or remove the threat of powerful suppliers, decrease bargaining powers of suppliers, distributors and customers as well as reduce transaction costs. When properly implemented, a vertically integrated supply chain can help companies achieve competitive advantage and higher profits through economies of scale and scope (Fresard et al., 2014). Horizontal Integration Horizontal Integration is a single industry SCM strategy whereby companies seek to achieve competitive advantage and profitable growth through value creation activities that are focused on a single business or industry, for example, McDonalds with its focus on global fast-food business and Walmart, with its focus on global discount retailing (Hill Jones, 2012). A horizontally integrated supply chain is a business model whereby companies acquire or merge with industry competitors to achieve competitive advantage through economies of scale and scope (Fresard et al., 2014). For example, Boeing merged with McDonnell Douglas to create the worlds largest aerospace company, Pfizer acquired Warner-Lambert to become the largest pharmaceutical company (Hill and Jones, 2012) This SCM structure provides the advantage of focus and scope, particularly in fast growing, dynamic industries where companies are required to focus substantial resources and capabilities on competing in one area in o rder to achieve long term competitive advantage (Lambert, 2008). Technological advancements, changing customer needs, fierce competition and low levels of entry barriers are common features of horizontally integrated supply chains. Due to changing customer needs, new competition and the pace of change in such industries, companies often find it difficult to sustain competitive advantage without changing/adapting their business model (Juttner et al. 2010). For example, with the advent of wireless telephone service and the likes of SKYPE, companies like ATT had to quickly adapt their business model and join forces wireless companies that provided them with the capability to start offering broadband and wireless services. Its merger with Time Warner and Comcast enabled ATTs competitive positioning and its relevance in the changing world of telecommunications (Hill and Jones, 2012). A successfully implemented horizontal integration strategy can increase a companys profitability due t o reduction in cost structures as a result of (Hill and Jones, 2012): Economies of scale, particularly in industries with high fixed cost structures; Increased product differentiation due to the combined product lines from merger or acquisition which enables the company to be able to offer product bundles and innovative new products to customers at different price points; Replication of the business model due to the ability to leverage the increased product differentiation and lower cost structure achieved through horizontal integration to replicate the business model in new market segment, for example Walmart using its low-cost discount retail business model to enter into the warehouse and supermarket segments in the US as well replicating the model globally as by acquiring supermarket chains in several countries; Reduced industry rivalry, as excess capacity is eliminated in the industry through acquisition or merging of competitors which results in more stable price environments and the elimination/reduction of price wars; Increased bargaining power due to the consolidation of the industry resulting in companies that are a much larger buyer and hence wield a level of leverage or buyer power which can be used to drive down the price it pays to suppliers. Walmart is a good example of a horizontally integrated supply chain with bargaining power advantage. Horizontal integration has limitations that are worth noting and guarding against. Similar to vertical integration, horizontal integration is a complex and difficult strategy to implement. For example, it is difficult to successfully merge companies with very different corporate cultures and where the merge/acquisition is a hostile takeover, it often results in high staff turnover and loss of much needed talent and expertise hence resulting suboptimal benefits or downright failure. There is also the risk of failure or penalty due to antitrust laws when companies attempt to use horizontal integration to become a dominant industry player as these laws exist to ensure fair trading and prevent companies from using their market powers to prevent competition. Vertical and Horizontal Integration Key issues to consider: Similarities Vertically and horizontally integrated supply chains are usually complex and capital intensive to implement. Both are also similar in the sense that they are business models that are aimed at optimising value chain processes and performance in other to achieve competitive advantage through economies of scale and scope. However, organisations need to consider several factors to ascertain the right strategy and whether it will be a profitable investment, including (Fresard et al., 2014): Are there economies of scope to make it cheaper for the company to own or control subsidiaries involved in the supply and production of its inputs and outputs? Is there need to establish entry barrier in the industry or obtain monopoly power by controlling the value chain in order to have competitive advantage? Is it cheaper overall for the company to perform the role of suppliers and distributors than to conduct business with arms length suppliers and distributors? Differences Companies pursuing vertical integration may also pursue horizontal integration and in fact many do. However, the underlying principles and the operational implications of implementing both strategies have very clear differentiators. In a vertical integration, the company enters new industries to support the business model of its core industry, whereas in a horizontal integration, the company competes in a single industry but expands through mergers, acquisitions and strategic alliances/collaborations. Vertical integration is more closed/proprietary model compared to horizontal integration which is more open because of the involvement of partners and the need to cooperate/collaborate. The differences in the operational implications include (Hill and Jones, 2012): Vertical integration Horizontal integration More control through ownership of the value-adding stages. Less control due to dependence on others cooperation. The vertically integrated company reaps the higher benefit. Benefits are from the success of everyone in the value chain Efficiency over flexibility Flexibility over maximum efficiency Intensive capital required to create, produce, and distribute all components of the end product. Lower capital requirements due to shared ownership. Departmental Functions One of the challenges faced by organization in managing their supply chain is that of integrating internal functions as well as the entire supply chain (Christopher Juttner,2000). Understanding the supply chain begins with understanding internal processes as this directly impacts performance. From a supply chain perspective, key internal processes include (Pagell, 2004): Purchasing, responsible for buying process inputs Operations, responsible for the transformation of raw materials into final outputs Logistics, responsible for the management of processes involved in the production and delivery of outputs to customers The key task in managing these functions is to ensure a process of interaction and collaboration in which purchasing, operations and logistics work together to achieve the mutual objectives of the supply chain. Stakeholder Management In vertical integration, the proprietary nature of the investment creates a more closed/not very trusting approach in the interaction with partners as the organization will seek to protect its trade secrets/intellectual property. In horizontal integration however, companies adopt a more open and trusting approach with partners, as this is integral to the success of their business model (Hill and Jones, 2012). For example, Microsoft and Google have adopted a more open approach to working with partners in their values chain as the success is achieved collaboratively and through open source platforms. Apple on the other hand operates a proprietary model, which tightly protects its intellectual property through its vertically integrated supply chain (Pomfret Soh, 2010). Conclusion The decision between vertical or horizontal integration will determine an organisations operating strategy and the supply chain dynamics in terms of how functional departments and stakeholders interact. The challenge is to analyse how new emerging technologies will impact their business models, how and why these technologies might change customer needs and customer groups in the future, and what kinds of new distinctive competencies will be needed to respond to these changes (Hill and Jones, 2012). In the end it is all about what is right for the organisation in terms of its objectives, capabilities and customer value proposition and how that can be achieved efficiently and profitably. References Awad, A.H., and Nassar, M.O. (2010). Supply Chain Integration: Definition and Challenges. Proceedings of the International Multi Conference of Engineers and Computer Scientists Vol. 1. pp.17-19 Christopher, M. and Juttner, U. (2000). Developing Strategic Partnerships in the Supply Chain: A Practitioner Perspective. European Journal of Purchasing and Supply Management, Vol. 6 (2), pp. 117-27. Fresard, L., Hoberg, G., and Phillips, G., 2014, The incentives for vertical acquisitions and integration, Discussion paper Working Paper University of Maryland. Available from : https://www-bcf.usc.edu/~gordonph/Papers/vertical_integration.pdf Hill, C.W.L., and Jones, G.R. (2012) Strategic Management: An Integrated Approach (10th Edition). Mason, OH: South-Western Cengage Learning. Juttner,U., Christopher, M., and Godsell, J. (2010). A Strategic Framework for integrating Marketing and Supply Chain Strategies. The International Journal of Logistics Management Vol. 21, No. 1, pp. 104 -126. Lambert, D. (2008). An executive summary of Supply Chain Management: Process, Partnerships, Performance, Jacksonville: The Hartley Press, Inc. Mentzer, J., Stank, T. and Esper, T. (2008), Supply chain management and its relationship to logistics, marketing, production and operations management, Journal of Business Logistics, Vol. 29 (1), pp. 31-45. Mentzer, J., De Wett, W., James, K., Min, S., Nix, N., Smith, C. and Zacharia, Z. (2001), Defining supply chain management, Journal of Business Logistics, Vol. 22 (2), pp. 1-25. Naslund, D., and Williamson, S. (2010). What is Management in Supply Chain Management? A Critical Review of Definitions, Frameworks and Terminology. Journal of Management Policy and Practice Vol. 11(4). pp.11-28 Pagell, M. (2004) Understanding the Factors that Enable and Inhibit the Integration of Operations, Purchasing and Logistics. Journal of Operations Management Vol. 22 (5) pp. 459à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å"487. Pomfret, J., and Soh, K. (2010) For Apple Suppliers, Loose Lips Can Sink Contracts, [Online] available from www.reuters.com/assets/print?aid=USTRE61G3XA20100217 Slywotzky, Adrian J. (1996), Value Migration: How to Think Several Moves Ahead of the Competition, Boston: Harvard Business School Press. Simchi-Levi, D., Kaminsky, P., and Simchi-Levi, E. (2008). Designing and Managing the Supply Chain: Concepts, Strategies, and Cases (3rd edition). New York: McGraw-Hill. Waters, D. (2008) Supply Chain Management: An Introduction to Logistics (2nd Edition). Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan.

Education and Technology Integration An Annotated...

Education and Technology Integration: An Annotated Bibliography Education is among the sectors that have benefited the most from the advent of modern technology, and especially information and communication technology (ICT). Traditional education systems faced many challenges and huge limitations at delivery, in practice, and in application. Tools of education such as chalk, blackboard, books, classrooms, laboratory items, and so on, were mostly manual and cumbersome. Even the structure of the traditional literature content, and pedagogy was a challenge to both the teacher and the learner. The advent of modern technology and its integration with the education systems has opened up many possibilities, and forced educational practitioners to rethink and restructure the content, pedagogical tools, and methods of delivery. As a result, the educational system has evolved continually, and at the same time opening up new and countless opportunities. This has definitely captured the imagination of many students, researchers, and professionals. The integration of technology with education has brought about phenomenal opportunities as well as radical changes to the educational sector. Examples include the use of digital pedagogy, computer-aided instruction (CAI), distance or open learning, virtual universities, computer-based online testing, digital libraries, and so on. The benefits of integrating technology with education are phenomenal. The uptake of technology by manyShow MoreRelatedGeneral Movements Assessment ( An Annotated Bibliography1587 Words   |  7 Pages †¢ General Movements Assessment (Summer 2014) o As an innovative teaching practice, the student completed an annotated bibliography regarding the General Movements Assessment (see Artifact XI.F.vi.1). This annotated bibliography was subsequently utilized for development of the Institutional Review Board Application (submitted to Cleveland Clinic and Cleveland State University) as well as with faculty development of regional and national conference presentations (Using Prechtl’s Assessment of GeneralRead MoreAnnotated Bibliography1329 Words   |  6 Pagesï » ¿ Annotated Bibliography Galen College of Nursing Annotated Bibliography Mayo Clinic (2011). Personal health record: A tool for managing your health. Retrieved from http://www.mayoclinic.com/health/personal-health-record/MY00665 This source talks about how electronic health records makes it easy to gather and manage medical information in a secure location (Mayo Clinic, 2001, pg. 1). They explain what a health record is and what goes into it. The advantages and disadvantages toRead MoreResearch of Technology in the Classroom Essay1258 Words   |  6 PagesIn reviewing research regarding the use of technology in the classroom, there is a wealth of information available that varies from the extent of technology to the type of technology used in the classrooms. In order to identify and narrow the topic, it is important to look at the available research and the areas which need additional studies. The area of interest is specifically the use of technology with English Language Learners (ELL). However, in order to focus the research in that particularRead MoreResearch Based Strategies For Increasing Student Achievement821 Words   |  4 PagesAnnotated Bibliography Dean, C., Hubbell, E.R., Pitler, H., Stone, B. (2012). Classroom instruction that works: Research-based strategies for increasing student achievement. (2nd ed.). Denver, CO, 188 pp. Author Ceri B. Dean is vice president of field services at Midcontinent Research for Education and Learning (McREL). She holds multiple degrees in education, including a Ph.D. in Cirriculum and Instruction and an M.S. in Atmospheric Science. Elizabeth Ross Hubbell is a principal consultantRead MoreThe Class Room By William Wright G000516811318 Words   |  6 Pagesalike. 1. I enjoyed teaching and understanding how the school system operates 2. During the past few years I have notice a decline in the quality of education in schools in rural areas. . II. Orienting Material A. History shows that as far back as 1950 parents with kids with disabilities put pressure on legislatures which resulted in The Education for All Handicapped Children Act of 1975 (PL 94-142) B. The No Child Left Behind Act of 2002 focus is to make sure that all students are accounted forRead MoreImpact of Ict on Society2585 Words   |  11 PagesSISAT School of Information Systems Technology Faculty of Informatics ISIT900 Fundamentals of Contemporary Technologies Impact of ICT on Society Table of Contents PART A 1 1. Introduction 1 2. The annotations 1 2.1 Scholarly journal articles 1 2.2 Conference papers 1 2.3 Newspaper articles 1 2.4 Internet sources 1 3. Conclusion 2 Annotated Bibliographies 3 PART B (Endnote) 6 4. Introduction 6 5. The Endnote advantages 6 6. The Endnote disadvantages 7 7. The Recommendations 8Read MoreUnit 8 Writing Assignment6944 Words   |  28 PagesEssays and especially the research paper should be developed through a structured process. In addition to full drafts, such processes may involve students writing topic proposals, mini-drafts (e.g., a 3-page draft of a 10-page research paper), annotated bibliographies, short oral presentations that include textual supports (handouts, screen projections), genre variants (e.g., collage dialogues, narratives), in-progress reports and reflections, and so on. 4. Response papers are typically shorter papersRead MoreSkills and Competencies of a 21st Century Entrepreneur2580 Words   |  11 PagesContents INTRODUCTION 2 CRITICAL EVALUATION 3 PRE – START UP PLANNING AND PREPARATION 3 ENTREPRENEUR IN AN ORGANISATION 4 ENTREPRENEUR AS AN INDIVIDUAL 5 ENTREPRENEUR WITHIN THE SOCIETY 5 CONCLUSION 6 RECOMMENDATION 6 REFERENCES 7 ANNOTATED BIBILIOGRAPHY 8 APPENDIX 9 INTRODUCTION Various definitions have been given to the word entrepreneur, due to the changes and complexity of the world’s economic structure. Entrepreneurs have been cussed and discussed, declared to be social misfitsRead MoreSample Resume : Dublin City University Essay2132 Words   |  9 Pages15212972 Date: 13 November 2016 Programme: BA Humanities Module: History 2 Europe and the wider world? HIS2 Tutor: Dr Barry Whelan Content Assignment Report Form 3 Essay 4 ?What were the causes and motivations behind the ?Scramble for Africa 4 Bibliography 11 Assignment Report Form ASSIGNMENT REPORT FORM Student Name: Anita Hilderink Summary of Performance* Performance Components Bands Excellent (H1) Marks range: 70-100% Very Good (H2.1) Marks range: 60-69% Good (H2.2) Marks range:Read MoreEssay Elemica7043 Words   |  29 Pagesand some financial advises. Table of Contents EXECUTIVE SUMMARY i 1. ENVIRONMENTAL ANALYSIS 1 Company analysis 1 Value proposition 1 Core competencies 1 Market analysis and trends 2 Porter’s Competitive Forces Model 3 Information Technology (IT) challenges 4 2. BUSINESS CASE 6 Opportunities and objectives 6 Critical Success Factors (CSF) 7 Cost and benefits (ROI) 9 Risks 9 3. PROJECT PLANNING AND CHANGE MANAGEMENT 10 Project Planning 10 Change Management 10 4. ASSESSING

I Prefer to Live in Big Cities Than in Small Towns Free Essays

I Prefer to Live in Big Cities than in Small-towns In English, there is a well-known fairy story about a poor country boy, Dick Whittington, who goes to London because he believes that the streets of that city are â€Å"paved with gold†. The story is a tale of â€Å"from rags to riches†. Dick eventually becomes the Lord Mayor of London. We will write a custom essay sample on I Prefer to Live in Big Cities Than in Small Towns or any similar topic only for you Order Now Like the hero of that story, I love to take adventure in the cities. I grew up in a small town and then moved to a big city, so I have experienced the good and bad sides of both. I never thought that I would like living in a big city, but I was wrong. Cities contain a great assortment of people. Whenever I walk around a shopping precinct at midday on a weekend, I am fascinated by all the different types of people hurrying around the shops. Sometimes, I just sit on a public bench and simply watch the variegated streams of shoppers. Today, in the age of globe-trotting transport and communications, city life is more mixed than it has ever been. Capital cities are not cosmopolitan, and eager to attract foreign trade currency. There is a contemporary English joke which tells that â€Å"you can never find an Englishman in London†. The United States is made up of people of different races, religions, abilities, and interests. However, you seldom find such a variety of people in a smaller town. I think that living in an area where everyone was just like me would quickly become boring. Whether rightly or wrongly, I love the excitement of big cities. Small towns have a slow pace. Large cities mean you have to adapt to a variety of situations, like finding a new route to work or trying a new restaurant. I enjoy that challenge very much. Another pan of the excitement of city living is the variety of cultural activities available. There is a wide assortment of theatre, music and dance performances available in big cities. These things are rare in small ones. Governments and local authorities usually build public amenities in the big cities. Money is invested in transport, libraries, parks and museums. Often, countries will compete with each other for the best â€Å"show-case† building. Malaysia has built a skyscraper that is taller than is anything in New York. In large countries, region will compete against region: New York against Chicago, Shanghai against Hong Kong and Beijing. All of this is good for the citizen. The magic of the Dick Whittington story is rekindled in me when I enter a library in a magnificent building. If a person is at university studying art or music, a large city usually offers galleries and public performances. Even when I was a teenager, I appreciated the worth of living in a city because two or three times a year there was a rock concert by one of my favorite bands. There is one thing I want to talk is small-towns and big cities both have some problems in terms of transportation. In a small town, you have to own a car to ensure a comfortable living. You can’t get around without one because there isn’t any kind of public transportation. Big cities generally have heavy traffic and expensive parking, but there you have a choice of taking public transportation. It’s not free, but it’s often cheaper than driving when you consider gas and time. Especially if you don’t have a car, you’re better off in the city. And of course, security is a concern, and that’s one area where small towns are superior to big cities. Still, I would rather be a bit more cautious and live in a large city than to feel secure but bored. How to cite I Prefer to Live in Big Cities Than in Small Towns, Papers

The character in An Inspector Calls Essay Example For Students

The character in An Inspector Calls Essay Which character in An Inspector Calls do you think is the most likeable and why? Give reasons for your answers and briefly discuss why you did not choose the other characters? As I have read the play An inspector calls written by J. B Priestly, I believe that Shelia Birling is my most likable character, out of all the characters. Shelia comes across as sweet caring women, but as you read on, you get the feeling she is a jealous girl with a temper. From the beginning of Act one you wouldnt think Shelia would be capable of provoking the suicide of Eva Smith. Sheilas actions towards Eva were wrong, and selfish. Eva gets sacked from her job, where she worked for Arthur Birling, after asking for a pay rise in 1910 at the end of September. Eva the found a job elsewhere as she was left with no money. She was working in Millwards. The Birlings were regular customers at Millwards. Shelia was there one day, and tried a dress on. We will write a custom essay on The character in An Inspector Calls specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now Eva was explaining something to her other customer and leaned the dress up against her. Eva and her customer was smiling and Shelia took it as if they were implying; Dont she look awful. Sheilas jealously then kicked in and she went to the manager of Millwards and demanded that; If they dont get rid of Eva, Id never go near that place again, and Id persuade my mother to close the account. As Shelias mother Sybil was a great customer to Millwards they wouldnt want to loose Sybil and The Birlings familys custom. Shelias actions were wrong, selfish and self centred. She was quick enough to get Sheila the sack from Millwards and leave Eva with nothing but then she feels guilty and sorry straight away. The inspector shows Shelia the picture of Eva Smith and she immediately says; I felt rotten at the time and now I feel a lot worse. She shows a lot of guilt. Sheilas parents think that she is childish person in this play. Out of all the characters she shows her guilt and honesty, and faces up to the consequences she has put herself in. She says to her father; But these girls arent cheap labour. Sheila also makes me think that she likes to be treated, as she would treat others as finding out Gerald as cheated on her she says to him; I respect you more now than I ever have before and at least you have been honest. Sheila tells the truth so she wants the truth and honesty back. Out of all her family Sheila I the only one who is most honest and truthful. As for the other characters such as; Mrs Sybil Birling. Sybil seems one of the caring types of women to start of with, but when the blame is put on her she decides to blame the father but when she finds out its her son Eric she is ashamed of him. Sybil is proud of her family and dont like to think any of them would do wrong. She turned Eva away just because she called her Mrs Birling! She keeps putting the blame on someone else. I didnt choose Sybil as my most likable character as she is very snobbish and selfish.